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In this work, a novel slow-release and water-retention nitrogen (N) fertilizer (SRWRNF) was prepared using moldy steamed bread-based starch- g -poly(acrylic acid- co -acrylic amide) (SBS- g -P(AA/AM)) as the skeleton and urea-formaldehyde oligomers (UF) incorporated as the slow-release N source by semi-interpenetrating methods. Various analysis technologies including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize the structure and properties of SRWRNFs. Swelling measurements indicated that the maximum water absorbency of SBS- g -P(AA/AM)-UF samples was 104.2 g/g in distilled water. The water-retention study showed that the SBS- g -P(AA/AM)-UF improved the maximum soil water content by 15.3-17.6% while improving soil water-retention capacity. N release experiments confirmed that SBS- g -P(AA/AM)-UF enabling offered a gradual N supply in soil. In comparison to conventional urea and UF fertilizers, the maize yield of SBS- g -P(AA/AM)-UF was increased by 20.3 and 9.7%, respectively. This study implies that the SRWRNFs provide a promising feasibility for large-scale applications in agriculture.

A Bio-Based Hydrogel Derived from Moldy Steamed Bread as Urea-Formaldehyde Loading for Slow-Release and Water-Retention Fertilizers