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In situ TEM gas-cell imaging and spectroscopy with in situ XRD have been applied to reveal morphological changes in NiFe 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 core-shell nanoparticles in hydrogen. The core-shell structure is retained upon reduction under mild conditions (180 °C for 1 h), resulting in a partially reduced shell. The core-shell structure was retained after exposing these reduced NiFe 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 core-shell nanoparticles to Fischer-Tropsch conditions at 230 °C and 20 bar. Slightly harsher reduction (230 °C, 2 h) resulted in restructuring of the NiFe 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 core-shell nanoparticles to form cobalt islands in addition to partially reduced NiFe 2 O 4 . NiFe 2 O 4 underwent further transformation upon exposure to Fischer-Tropsch conditions, resulting in the formation of iron carbide and nickel/iron-nickel alloy. The turnover frequency in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over NiFe 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 core-shell nanoparticles reduced in hydrogen at 180 °C for 1 h was estimated to be less than 0.02 s -1 (cobalt-time yield of 8.40 μmol . g -1. s -1 ) with a C 5+ selectivity of 38 C-%. The low turnover frequency under these conditions in relation to the turnover frequency obtained with unsupported cobalt is attributed to the strain in the catalytically active cobalt.

Performance of a NiFe2O4@Co Core–Shell Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst: Effect of Low Temperature Reduction

Performance of a NiFe₂O₄@Co Core–Shell Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst: Effect of Low Temperature Reduction