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Strain engineering enables the direct modification of the atomic bonding andis currently an active area of research aimed at improving the electrocatalyticactivity. However, directly measuring the lattice strain of individual catalystnanoparticles is challenging, especially at the scale of a single unit cell.Here, we quantitatively map the strain present in rhodium@platinum (core@shell)nanocube electrocatalysts using conventional aberration-corrected scanningtransmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the recently developed technique of4D-STEM nanobeam electron diffraction. We demonstrate that 4D-STEM combinedwith data pre-conditioning allows for quantitative lattice strain mapping withsub-picometer precision without the influence of scan distortions. Whencombined with multivariate curve resolution, 4D-STEM allows us to distinguishthe nanocube core from the shell and to quantify the unit cell size as afunction of distance from the core-shell interface. Our results demonstratethat 4D-STEM has significant precision and accuracy advantages in strainmetrology of catalyst materials compared to aberration-corrected STEM imagingand is beneficial for extracting information about the evolution of strain incatalyst nanoparticles.

Lattice strain measurement of core@shell electrocatalysts with 4D-STEM nanobeam electron diffraction