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Therapeutic immunomodulation in the skin, its draining lymph nodes, or both tissues simultaneously using an intradermal administration scheme is desirable for a variety of therapeutic scenarios. To inform how drug carriers comprising engineered biomaterials can be leveraged to improve treatment efficacy by enhancing the selective accumulation or retention of payload within these target tissues, we analyzed the influence of particle versus macromolecule hydrodynamic size on profiles of retention in the site of dermal injection as well as the corresponding extent of accumulation in draining lymph nodes and systemic off-target tissues. Using a panel of fluorescently labeled tracers comprising inert polymers that are resistant to hydrolysis and proteolytic degradation that span a size range of widely used drug carrier systems, we find that macromolecule but not rigid particle retention within the skin is size-dependent, whereas the relative dermal enrichment compared to systemic tissues increases with size for both tracer types. Additionally, macromolecules 10 nm in hydrodynamic size and greater accumulate in draining lymph nodes more extensively and selectively than particles, suggesting that intra- versus extracellular availability of delivered payload within draining lymph nodes may be influenced by both the size and form of engineered drug carriers. Our results inform how biomaterial-based drug carriers can be designed to enhance the selective exposure of formulated drug in target tissues to improve the therapeutic efficacy as well as minimize off-target effects of locoregional immunotherapy.

acs biomaterials science and engineering

Flexible Macromolecule versus Rigid Particle Retention in the Injected Skin and Accumulation in Draining Lymph Nodes Are Differentially Influenced by Hydrodynamic Size