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Toward scalable manufacturing of perovskite solar panels, highperformance planar p−i−n perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) and modules have been demonstrated with blade coating and rapid thermal processing (RTP). The PVSCs made using RTP for less than 30 s have equivalent photovoltaic performance as devices fabricated from hot-plate annealing for 2 min. The resulting PVSCs show the best average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 18.47% from forward and reverse scans. Mini-modules with an active area of over 2.7 cm exhibit a champion average PCE of over 17.73% without apparent hysteresis. To the best of our knowledge, these efficiencies are the highest for PVSCs processed by the combination of blade coating and RTP. Furthermore, both the blade coating and RTP were performed in an ambient environment, paving the way for the large-scale production of PVSCs through high-speed roll-to-roll printing.

Toward Scalable Perovskite Solar Modules Using Blade Coating and Rapid Thermal Processing