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We report a variety of manganese-based catalysts containing both chelating diphosphine (bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm: 1 , 2 , and 7 ) or 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe: 3 )), and mixed-donor phosphinoamine (2-(diphenylphosphino)ethylamine (dppea: 4 - 6 )) ligands for the upgrading of ethanol and methanol to the advanced biofuel isobutanol. These catalysts show moderate selectivity up to 74% along with turnover numbers greater than 100 over 90 h, with catalyst 2 supported by dppm demonstrating superior performance. The positive effect of substituting the ligand backbone was also displayed with a catalyst supported by C-phenyl-substituted dppm ( 8 ) having markedly improved performance compared to the parent dppm catalysts. Catalysts supported by the phosphinoamine ligand dppea are also active for the upgrading of ethanol to n -butanol. These results show that so-called PNP-pincer ligands are not a prerequisite for the use of manganese catalysts in Guerbet chemistry and that simple chelates can be used effectively.

Manganese Diphosphine and Phosphinoamine Complexes Are Effective Catalysts for the Production of Biofuel Alcohols via the Guerbet Reaction