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Compact varifocal lenses are essential to various imaging and visiontechnologies. However, existing varifocal elements typically rely onmechanically-actuated systems with limited tuning speeds and scalability. Here,an ultrathin electrically controlled varifocal lens based on a liquid crystal(LC) encapsulated semiconductor metasurface is demonstrated. Enabled by thefield-dependent LC anisotropy, applying a voltage bias across the LC cellmodifies the local phase response of the silicon meta-atoms, in turn modifyingthe focal length of the metalens. In a numerical implementation, avoltage-actuated metalens with continuous zoom and up to 20% total focal shiftis demonstrated. The concept of LC-based metalens is experimentally verifiedthrough the design and fabrication of a bifocal metalens that facilitateshigh-contrast switching between two discrete focal lengths upon application ofa 3.2 V$_{\rm pp}$ voltage bias. Owing to their ultrathin thickness andadaptable design, LC-driven semiconductor metasurfaces open new opportunitiesfor compact varifocal lensing in a diversity of modern imaging applications.

Electrically actuated varifocal lens based on liquid-crystal-embedded dielectric metasurfaces