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Localized and propagating polaritons allow for highly sensitive analysis of(bio)chemical substances and processes. Nanoimaging of the polaritonsevanescent fields allows for critically important experimental modeidentification and for studying field confinement. Here we describe two setupsfor polariton nanoimaging and spectroscopy in liquid, which is an indispensableenvironment for (bio)chemical samples. We first demonstrate antenna mappingwith a transflection infrared scattering-type scanning near-field opticalmicroscope (s-SNOM), where the tip acts as a near-field scattering probe. Wethen demonstrate a total internal reflection (TIR) based setup, where the tipis both launching and probing ultra-confined polaritons in van der Waalsmaterials, here phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) flakes.This work lays the foundation for s-SNOM based polariton interferometry inliquid, which has wide application potential for in-situ studies of chemicalreactions at the bare or functionalized surface of polaritonic materials,including (bio)chemical recognition analogous to the classical surface plasmonresonance spectroscopy.

Amplitude- and phase-resolved nano-imaging and nano-spectroscopy of polaritons in liquid environment