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Several works reported increased differentiation of neuronal cells grown ongraphene; however, the molecular mechanism driving axon elongation on thismaterial has remained elusive. Here, we study the axonal transport of nervegrowth factor (NGF), the neurotrophin supporting development of peripheralneurons, as a key player in the time course of axonal elongation of dorsal rootganglion neurons on graphene. We find that graphene drastically reduces thenumber of retrogradely transported NGF vesicles in favor of a stalledpopulation in the first two days of culture, in which the boost of axonelongation is observed. This correlates with a mutual charge redistribution,observed via Raman spectroscopy and electrophysiological recordings.Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis indicates a reduced microtubule distanceand an elongated axonal topology. Thus, both electrophysiological andstructural effects can account for graphene action on neuron development.Unraveling the molecular players underneath this interplay may open new avenuesfor axon regeneration applications.

Graphene promotes axon elongation through local stall of Nerve Growth Factor signaling endosomes