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The anchoring biofilm layer is expected to exhibit a different response toenvironmental stresses than for portions in the bulk, due to the protectionfrom other strata and the proximity to the attachment surface. The effect ofhydrodynamic stress on surface-adhered biofilm layers was tested using aspecially designed microfluidic bio flow cell with an embedded three-electrodedetection system. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)measurements of biocapacitance and bioresistance of Pseudomonas sp. biofilmswere conducted during the growth phase and under different shear flowconditions with verification by other surface sensitive techniques.Distinctive, but reversible changes to the amount of biofilm and its structureat the attachment surface were observed during the application of elevatedshear stress. In contrast, regular microscopy revealed permanent distortion tothe biofilm bulk, in the form of streamers and ripples. Following theapplication of extreme shear stresses, complete removal of significant portionsof biofilm outer layers occurred, but this did not change the measured quantityof biofilm at the electrode attachment surface. The structure of the remainingbiofilm, however, appeared to be modified and susceptible to further changesfollowing application of shear stress directly to the unprotected biofilmlayers at the attachment surface.

Hydrodynamic effects on biofilms at the bio-interface using a microfluidic electrochemical cell: case study of Pseudomonas sp