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The analytical theories derived here for the acoustic load impedance measuredby a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), due to the presence of layers ofdifferent types (rigid, elastic and viscous) immersed in a fluid, displaygeneric properties, such as "vanishing mass" and positive frequency shifts,which have been observed in QCM experiments with soft-matter systems. Thesephenomena seem to contradict the well-known Sauerbrey relation at the heart ofmany QCM measurements, but here we show that they arise as a naturalconsequence of hydrodynamics. We compare our one-dimensional immersed platetheory with three-dimensional simulations of rigid and flexiblesub-micron-sized suspended spheres, and with experimental results for adsorbedmicron-sized colloids which yield a "negative acoustic mass". The parallelbehaviour unveiled indicates that the QCM response is highly sensitive tohydrodynamics, even for adsorbed colloids. Our conclusions call for a revisionof existing theories based on adhesion forces and elastic stiffness at contact,which should in most cases include hydrodynamics.

Load impedance of immersed layers on the quartz crystal microbalance: a comparison with colloidal suspensions of spheres