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The identification of biomarkers that are altered following nicotine/tobacco exposure can facilitate the investigation of tobacco-related diseases. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric cation channels expressed in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems and the neuromuscular junction. Neuronal nAChR subunits (11) have been identified in mammals (α2-7, α9-10, β2-4). We examined changes in β2 nAChR subunit protein levels after chronic nicotine, (±)-menthol, or nicotine co-administered with (±)-menthol in nine murine brain regions. Our investigation of β2 nAChR subunit level changes identified the hypothalamus as a novel region of interest for menthol exposure that demonstrated increased β2 nAChR levels after (±)-menthol plus nicotine exposure compared to nicotine exposure alone. Using mass spectrometry, we further characterized changes in membrane protein abundance profiles in the hypothalamus to identify potential biomarkers of (±)-menthol plus nicotine exposure and proteins that may contribute to the elevated β2 nAChR subunit levels. In the hypothalamus, 272 membrane proteins were identified with altered abundances after chronic nicotine plus menthol exposure with respect to chronic nicotine exposure without menthol. A comprehensive investigation of changes in nAChR and non-nAChR protein expression resulting from (±)-menthol plus nicotine in the brain may establish biomarkers to better understand the effects of these drugs on addiction and addiction-related diseases.

Brain Region-Specific nAChR and Associated Protein Abundance Alterations Following Chronic Nicotine and/or Menthol Exposure