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The effective use of swift ion beams in cancer treatment (known ashadrontherapy) as well as an appropriate protection in manned space missionsrely on the accurate understanding of energy delivery to cells damaging theirgenetic information. The key ingredient characterizing the response of a mediumto the perturbation induced by charged particles is its electronic excitationspectrum. By using linear response time-dependent density functional theory, weobtain the energy and momentum transfer excitation spectrum (the energy-lossfunction, ELF) of liquid water (main constituent of biological tissues), inexcellent agreement with experimental data. The inelastic scattering crosssections obtained from this ELF, together with the elastic scattering crosssections derived considering the condensed phase nature of the medium, are usedto perform accurate Monte Carlo simulations of the energy deposited by swiftcarbon ions in liquid water and carried away by the generated secondaryelectrons producing inelastic events (ionization, excitation, and dissociationelectron attachment, DEA), strongly correlated with cellular death, which arescored in sensitive volumes having the size of two DNA convolutions. The sizesof clusters of damaging events for a wide range of carbon ion energies, fromthose relevant to hadrontherapy up to cosmic radiation, predict withunprecedented statistical accuracy the nature and relative magnitude of themain inelastic processes contributing to radiation biodamage, confirming thationization accounts for the vast majority of complex damage. DEA, typicallyregarded as a very relevant biodamage mechanism, surprisingly plays a minorrole in carbon-ion induced clusters of harmful events.

On the relative role of the physical mechanisms on complex biodamage induced by carbon irradiation