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Controllable attachment of proteins to material surfaces is very attractive for many applications including biosensors, bioengineered scaffolds or drug screening. Especially, redox proteins have received considerable attention as a model system not only to understand the mechanism of electron transfer in biological systems, but also the development of novel biosensors. However, current research attempts suffer from denaturation of the protein after its attachment to solid substrates. Here, we present how lipid, polymer and hybrid membranes based on mixtures of lipids and copolymers on a solid support provide a more favorable environment to drive selective and functional attachment of a model redox protein, cytochrome  c (cy c ). Polymer membranes provided chemical versatility to support covalent attachment of cy c , whereas lipid membranes provided flexibility and biocompatibility to support insertion of cy c hrough its hydrophobic part. Hybrid membranes combine the most promising characteristics of both lipids and polymers and allowed attachment of cyt  c with both covalent attachment and insertion driven by hydrophobic interactions. We then investigated the effect of different attachment strategies on the accessibility and peroxidase-like activity of cy c , in the presence of different membranes. The real-time combination of cy c with the planar membranes was investigated by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. It was possible to selectively drive the insertion of cy c into a specific lipid domain of hybrid membranes. In addition, protein accessibility and its functionality were dependent on the specificity of the combination strategy: covalent conjugation of cy c o polymer and hybrid membranes promoted higher accessibility and supported higher peroxidase-like activity. Taking together, the combination of biomolecules with planar membranes can be modulated in such a way to improve the accessibility of the biomolecules and their resulting functionality for the development of efficient "active surfaces".

Polymer–Lipid Hybrid Membranes as a Model Platform to Drive Membrane–Cytochrome c Interaction and Peroxidase-like Activity