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Anti-Stokes photoluminescence of metal nanoparticles, in which emittedphotons have a higher energy than the incident photons, is an indicator of thetemperature prevalent within a nanoparticle. Previous work has shown how toextract the temperature from a gold nanoparticle under continuous-wavemonochromatic illumination. We extend the technique to pulsed illumination andintroduce pump-probe anti-Stokes spectroscopy. This new technique enables usnot only to measure an effective electron temperature in a gold nanoparticle($\sim 10^3$ K under our conditions), but also to measure ultrafast dynamics ofa pulse-excited electron population, through its effect on thephotoluminescence, with sub-picosecond time resolution. We measure the heatingand cooling, all within picoseconds, of the electrons and find that, with oursub-picosecond pulses, the highest apparent temperature is reached $0.6$ psbefore the maximum change in magnitude of the extinction signal

Effective electron temperature measurement using time-resolved anti-Stokes photoluminescence