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Resource-scale quantification of energy in water supplies is a basis forregional-scale governance of water systems and national- and global-scaleassessments of the "water-energy-emission" nexus. But a physically basedapproach for this quantification remains lacking. Here, applying recentlyemerged complex system principles, we develop "scaling analysis" (SA), acomplex network-based methodology for quantifying energies and energy-nexusproperties in water supplies at the resource or regional scale. Conceivingwater supply systems as networks embedded in regionally self-organizing complexsystems, SA explores the complex system laws of skewed or scaled size abundance(decreasing system abundance with increasing system size) and allometric energyscaling (decreasing system energy intensity with increasing system size) asunifying formulation for profiling system size distribution and predictingsystem energies from system sizes. Overcoming challenges facing traditionalapproaches from transscale and unbounded system size distributions and scarcityof energy data, SA represents physically based, data-driven predictions. Weempirically demonstrate SA and test its predictions for the water supplysystems of the Great Lakes, one of the world's most geographically expansivewater resources.

Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Scaling Analysis of Energy in Great Lakes Water Supplies