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Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are poised to reshape transportationand mobility by replacing humans as the driver and service provider. While theprimary stated motivation for vehicle automation is to improve safety andconvenience of road mobility, this transformation also provides a valuableopportunity to improve vehicle energy efficiency and reduce emissions in thetransportation sector. Progress in vehicle efficiency and functionality,however, does not necessarily translate to net positive environmental outcomes.Here we examine the interactions between CAV technology and the environment atfour levels of increasing complexity: vehicle, transportation system, urbansystem, and society. We find that environmental impacts come fromCAV-facilitated transformations at all four levels, rather than from CAVtechnology directly. We anticipate net positive environmental impacts at thevehicle, transportation system, and urban system levels, but expect greatervehicle utilization and shifts in travel patterns at the society level tooffset some of these benefits. Focusing on the vehicle-level improvementsassociated with CAV technology is likely to yield excessively optimisticestimates of environmental benefits. Future research and policy efforts shouldstrive to clarify the extent and possible synergetic effects from a systemslevel in order to envisage and address concerns regarding the short- andlong-term sustainable adoption of CAV technology.

A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles