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The interstellar medium is characterized by a rich and diverse chemistry.Many of its complex organic molecules are proposed to form through radicalchemistry in icy grain mantles. Radicals form readily when interstellar ices(composed of water and other volatiles) are exposed to UV photons and othersources of dissociative radiation, and, if sufficiently mobile, the radicalscan react to form larger, more complex molecules. The resulting complex organicmolecules (COMs) accompany star and planet formation, and may eventually seedthe origins of life on nascent planets. Experiments of increasingsophistication have demonstrated that known interstellar COMs as well as theprebiotically interesting amino acids can form through ice photochemistry. Wereview these experiments and discuss the qualitative and quantitative kineticand mechanistic constraints they have provided. We finally compare the effectsof UV radiation with those of three other potential sources of radicalproduction and chemistry in interstellar ices: electrons, ions and X-rays.

Photochemistry and astrochemistry: photochemical pathways to interstellar complex organic molecules