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The liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of black phosphorus (BP) is a strategicroute for the large-scale production of phosphorene and few-layer BP (FL-BP)flakes. The exploitation of this exfoliated material in cutting-edgetechnologies, e.g., in flexible electronics and energy storage, is howeverlimited by the fact that the LPE of BP is usually carried out at a high boilingpoint and in toxic solvents. In fact, the solvent residual is detrimental todevice performance in real applications; thus, complete solvent removal iscritical. Here, we tackle these issues by exfoliating BP in different lowboiling-point solvents. Among these solvents, we find that acetone alsoprovides a high concentration of exfoliated BP, leading to the production ofFL-BP flakes with an average lateral size and thickness of c.a. 30 and 7 nm,respectively. The use of acetone to produce less defective few-layer BP flakes(FL-BPacetone) from bulk crystals is a straightforward process which enablesthe rapid preparation of homogeneous thin films thanks to the fast solventevaporation. The ratio of edge to bulk atoms for the BP flakes here produced,combined with the use of low-boiling-point solvents for the exfoliation processsuggests that these thin films are promising anodes for lithium-ion batteries.To this end, we tested Li-ion half cells with FL-BPacetone anodes achieving areversible specific capacity of 480 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g,over 100 charge/discharge cycles. Moreover, a reversible specific capacity of345 mAh/g is achieved for the FL-BPacetone-based anode at a high currentdensity (i.e., 1 A/g). These findings indicate that the FL-BPacetone-basedbattery is promising with regards to the design of fast charge/dischargedevices. Overall, the presented process is a step forward toward thefabrication of phosphorene-based devices.

Exfoliation of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus in Low-Boiling-Point Solvents and Its Application in Li-Ion Batteries