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A549 cells were briefly exposed to Thioglo-1, which converts thiols to fluorescent adducts. The fluorescent cells were exposed to short (50-300 ms) electric field pulses (500 V across a 15 cm capillary) created at the tip of an electrolyte-filled capillary. Fluorescence microscopy revealed varying degrees of cell permeabilization depending on the conditions. Longer pulses and a shorter cell-capillary tip distance led to a greater decrease in the cell's fluorescence. Live/dead (calcein AM and propidium iodide) testing revealed that a certain fraction of cells died. Longer pulses and shorter cell-capillary tip distances were more deadly. An optimum condition exists at a cell-capillary tip distance of 3.5-4.5 microm and a pulse duration of 120-150 ms. At these conditions, &gt;90% of the cells are permeabilized and 80-90% survive.

Simultaneous Maximization of Cell Permeabilization and Viability in Single-Cell Electroporation Using an Electrolyte-Filled Capillary