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Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are off-nuclear point sources in nearbygalaxies with luminosities well exceeding the Eddington limit for stellar-massobjects. It has been recognized after the discovery of pulsating ULXs (PULXs)that a fraction of these sources could be accreting neutron stars in high-massX-ray binaries (HMXBs) though the majority of ULXs are lacking in coherentpulsations. The earliest stage of some HMXBs may harbor rapidly rotatingneutron stars propelling out the matter transferred by the massive companion.The spin-down power transferred by the neutron-star magnetosphere to theaccretion disk at this stage can well exceed the Eddington luminosities and thesystem appears as a non-pulsating ULX. In this picture, PULXs appear assuper-critical mass-accreting descendants of non-pulsating ULXs. We presentthis evolutionary scenario within a self-consistent model of magnetosphere-diskinteraction and discuss the implications of our results on the spin andmagnetic field of the neutron star.

Ultra-luminous X-ray sources as neutron stars propelling and accreting at super-critical rates in high-mass X-ray binaries