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In the central regions of active galaxies, dense molecular medium are exposedto various types of radiation and energy injections, such as UV, X-ray, cosmicray, and shock dissipation. With the rapid progress of chemical models andimplementation of new-generation mm/submm interferometry, we are now able touse molecules as powerful diagnostics of the physical and chemical processes ingalaxies. Here we give a brief overview on the recent ALMA results todemonstrate how molecules can reveal underlying physical and chemical processesin galaxies. First, new detections of Galactic molecular absorption systemswith elevated HCO/H$^{13}$CO$^+$ column density ratios are reported, indicatingthat these molecular media are irradiated by intense UV fields. Second, wediscuss the spatial distributions of various types of shock tracers includingHNCO, CH$_3$OH and SiO in NGC 253 and NGC 1068. Lastly, we provide an overviewof proposed diagnostic methods of nuclear energy sources using ALMA, with anemphasis on the synergy with sensitive mid-infrared spectroscopy, which will beimplemented by JWST and SPICA to disentangle the complex nature of heavilyobscured galaxies across the cosmic time.

High resolution ALMA observations of dense molecular medium in the central regions of active galaxies