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The future biosphere on Earth (as with its past) will be made uppredominantly of unicellular microorganisms. Unicellular life was probablypresent for at least 2.5 Gyr before multicellular life appeared and will likelybe the only form of life capable of surviving on the planet in the far future,when the ageing Sun causes environmental conditions to become more hostile tomore complex forms of life. Therefore, it is statistically more likely thathabitable Earth-like exoplanets we discover will be at a stage in theirhabitable lifetime more conducive to supporting unicellular, rather thanmulticellular life. The end stage of habitability on Earth is the focus of thiswork. A simple, latitude-based climate model incorporating eccentricity andobliquity variations is used as a guide to the temperature evolution of theEarth over the next 3 Gyr. This allows inferences to be made about potentialrefuges for life, particularly in mountains and cold-trap (ice) caves and whatforms of life could live in these environments. Results suggest that in highlatitude regions, unicellular life could persist for up to 2.8 Gyr frompresent. This begins to answer the question of how the habitability of Earthwill evolve at local scales alongside the Sun's main sequence evolution and, byextension, how the habitability of Earth-like planets would evolve over timewith their own host stars.

Swansong Biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes