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HEX-programs are an extension of answer set programs (ASP) with externalsources. To this end, external atoms provide a bidirectional interface betweenthe program and an external source. The traditional evaluation algorithm forHEX-programs is based on guessing truth values of external atoms and verifyingthem by explicit calls of the external source. The approach was optimized bytechniques that reduce the number of necessary verification calls or speed themup, but the remaining external calls are still expensive. In this paper wepresent an alternative evaluation approach based on inlining of external atoms,motivated by existing but less general approaches for specialized formalismssuch as DL-programs. External atoms are then compiled away such that noverification calls are necessary. The approach is implemented in the dlvhexreasoner. Experiments show a significant performance gain. Besides performanceimprovements, we further exploit inlining for extending previous (semantic)characterizations of program equivalence from ASP to HEX-programs, includingthose of strong equivalence, uniform equivalence and H, B -equivalence.Finally, based on these equivalence criteria, we characterize alsoinconsistency of programs wrt. extensions. Since well-known ASP extensions(such as constraint ASP) are special cases of HEX, the results are interestingbeyond the particular formalism. Under consideration in Theory and Practice ofLogic Programming (TPLP).

Inlining External Sources in Answer Set Programs