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Influenza vaccines prepared with a mineral oil adjuvant induce a substantial and durable antibody response. However, vaccines containing mineral oil in simple emulsion (water-in-oil emulsion) sometimes produce persistent local reactions (Medical Research Council, 1964). The development of a redispersed ‘multiple’ emulsion in which antigen is incorporated as an oil-in-water emulsion starting from an original water-in-oil emulsion was described by Herbert (1965). Such multiple emulsion vaccine has a lesser viscosity than simple emulsions and might therefore produce a substantial antibody response with fewer reactions. In this investigation a comparison has been made of the antibody response and short-term vaccination reactions after aqueous influenza vaccine, influenza vaccine containing a mineral oil in simple emulsion, and influenza vaccine containing mineral oil in multiple emulsion.

journal of hygiene

Antibody response and reactions to aqueous influenza vaccine, simple emulsion vaccine and multiple emulsion vaccine. A report to the Medical Research Council Committee on influenza and other respiratory virus vaccines