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IN previous studies of the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract and its variations during attacks of acute coryza (Hoyle, 1932), it was found that there was in many cases a striking relationship between the appearance of certain organisms with definite pathogenic properties towards the lower animals, in the upper respiratory tract, and the occurrence of acute infections. This relationship was especially marked in the case of the influenza bacillus, and it was suggested that this organism played a prominent part in the aetiology of upper respiratory infections. The significance of the influenza bacillus in acute coryza has been noted by various workers (Noble, Fisher and Brainard, 1928; Burky and Smillie, 1929; Webster and Clow, 1932; Kneeland and Dawes, 1932), but on the other hand various observers have found the incidence of influenza bacilli in the respiratory tract to be the same in normal health and in acute coryza, and Fleming (1929) and Fleming and Maclean (1930) have devised a technique by means of which they claim to have isolated influenza bacilli in 100 per cent, of normal throats. One possible explanation of these conflicting results may be found in the absence of any very exact criterion of what constitutes a typical influenza bacillus. The author had previously observed that the influenza bacillus possessed a definite though low degree of pathogenicity towards mice, and that it could frequently be isolated by a mouse inoculation method when other methods failed, and it was thought that a more complete study of the haemophilic bacteria of the upper respiratory tract especially in relation to their virulence for animals might yield results of some value. Serial observations of the flora of the upper respiratory tract were made in a group of seventeen individuals, examinations being made at 14-day intervals during normal health, and more frequently during infections. Special attention was given to all haemophilic bacteria isolated, especially in relation to their virulence for mice. The seventeen individuals were selected from a group of forty previously studied, in such a way as to include representatives of all the types of upper respiratory flora previously encountered (Hoyle, 1932). The technique of the examinations was as follows. Swabs were taken from the nose and throat, the nasal swab being plated on ordinary chocolate agar, 13-2

The Haemophilic Bacteria of the Upper Respiratory Tract, the Appearance of Virulent forms in Relation to Upper Respiratory Infections