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In aquatic plants such as the Characean algae, the force generation thatdrives cyclosis is localized within the cytoplasm, yet produces fluid flowsthroughout the vacuole. For this to occur the tonoplast must transmithydrodynamic shear efficiently. Here, using magnetic resonance velocimetry, wepresent the first whole-cell measurements of the cross-sectional longitudinalvelocity field in Chara corallina and show that it is in quantitative agreementwith a recent theoretical analysis of rotational cytoplasmic streaming drivenby bidirectional helical forcing in the cytoplasm, with direct sheartransmission by the tonoplast.

Measurement of Cytoplasmic Streaming in Chara Corallina by Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry