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The Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (BPASS) suite of binary stellarevolution models and synthetic stellar populations provides a framework for thephysically motivated analysis of both the integrated light from distant stellarpopulations and the detailed properties of those nearby. We present a newversion 2.1 data release of these models, detailing the methodology by whichBPASS incorporates binary mass transfer and its effect on stellar evolutionpathways, as well as the construction of simple stellar populations. Wedemonstrate key tests of the latest BPASS model suite demonstrating its abilityto reproduce the colours and derived properties of resolved stellarpopulations, including well- constrained eclipsing binaries. We considerobservational constraints on the ratio of massive star types and thedistribution of stellar remnant masses. We describe the identification ofsupernova progenitors in our models, and demonstrate a good agreement to theproperties of observed progenitors. We also test our models against photometricand spectroscopic observations of unresolved stellar populations, both in thelocal and distant Universe, finding that binary models provide aself-consistent explanation for observed galaxy properties across a broadredshift range. Finally, we carefully describe the limitations of our models,and areas where we expect to see significant improvement in future versions.

Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: construction, observational verification and new results