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We study the effect of insoluble surfactants on the spatio-temporal evolutionof turbulent jets. We use three-dimensional numerical simulations and employ aninterface-tracking/level-set method that accounts for surfactant-inducedMarangoni stresses. The present study builds on our previous work (Constante etal., 2021, J. Fluid Mech., 922, A6) in which we examined in detail thevortex-surface interaction in the absence of surfactants. Numerical solutionsare obtained for a wide range of Weber and elasticity numbers in whichvorticity production is generated by surface deformation and surfactant-inducedMarangoni stresses. The present work demonstrates, for the first time, thecrucial role of Marangoni stresses, brought about by surfactant concentrationgradients, in the formation of coherent, hairpin-like vortex structures. Thesestructures have a profound influence on the development of thethree-dimensional interfacial dynamics. We also present theoretical expressionsfor the mechanisms that influence the rate of production of circulation in thepresence of surfactants for a general, three-dimensional, two-phase flow andhighlight the dominant contribution of Marangoni stresses.

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent jets: vortex-interface-surfactant interactions