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The free interface separating an exterior, viscous fluid from an intrusiveconduit of buoyant, less viscous fluid is known to support strongly nonlinearsolitary waves due to a balance between viscosity-induced dispersion andbuoyancy-induced nonlinearity. The overtaking, pairwise interaction of weaklynonlinear solitary waves has been classified theoretically for the Korteweg-deVries equation and experimentally in the context of shallow water waves, but atheoretical and experimental classification of strongly nonlinear solitary waveinteractions is lacking. The interactions of large amplitude solitary waves inviscous fluid conduits, a model physical system for the study ofone-dimensional, truly dissipationless, dispersive nonlinear waves, areclassified. Using a combined numerical and experimental approach, three classesof nonlinear interaction behavior are identified: purely bimodal, purelyunimodal, and a mixed type. The magnitude of the dispersive radiation due tosolitary wave interactions is quantified numerically and observed to be beyondthe sensitivity of our experiments, suggesting that conduit solitary wavesbehave as "physical solitons." Experimental data are shown to be in excellentagreement with numerical simulations of the reduced model. Experimental moviesare available with the online version of the paper.

Interactions of large amplitude solitary waves in viscous fluid conduits