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Oceanic pressure measurements, even in very deep water, and atmosphericpressure or seismic records, from anywhere on Earth, contain noise withdominant periods between 3 and 10 seconds, that is believed to be excited byocean surface gravity waves. Most of this noise is explained by a nonlinearwave-wave interaction mechanism, and takes the form of surface gravity waves,acoustic or seismic waves. Previous theoretical works on seismic noise focusedon surface (Rayleigh) waves, and did not consider finite depth effects on thegenerating wave kinematics. These finite depth effects are introduced here,which requires the consideration of the direct wave-induced pressure at theocean bottom, a contribution previously overlooked in the context of seismicnoise. That contribution can lead to a considerable reduction of the seismicnoise source, which is particularly relevant for noise periods larger than 10s. The theory is applied to acoustic waves in the atmosphere, extendingprevious theories that were limited to vertical propagation only. Finally, thenoise generation theory is also extended beyond the domain of Rayleigh waves,giving the first quantitative expression for sources of seismic body waves. Inthe limit of slow phase speeds in the ocean wave forcing, the known andwell-verified gravity wave result is obtained, which was previously derived foran incompressible ocean. The noise source of acoustic, acoustic-gravity andseismic modes are given by a mode-specific amplification of the samewave-induced pressure field near the zero wavenumber.

Noise generation in the solid Earth, oceans, and atmosphere, from non-linear interacting surface gravity waves in finite depth