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This paper draws on perspectives from co-design as an integrative andcollaborative design activity and co-simulation as a supporting informationsystem to advance engineering design methods for problems of societalsignificance. Design and implementation of the Sustainable InfrastructurePlanning Game provides a prototypical co-design artifact that leverages theHigh Level Architecture co-simulation standard. Three role players create astrategic infrastructure plan for agriculture, water, and energy sectors tomeet sustainability objectives for a growing and urbaninzing population in afictional desert nation. An observational study conducts 15 co-design sessionsto understand underlying dynamics between actors and how co-simulationcapabilities influence design outcomes. Results characterize the dependenciesand conflicts between player roles based on technical exchange of resourceflows, identifying tension between agriculture and water roles based on waterdemands for irrigation. Analysis shows a correlation between data exchange,facilitated by synchronous co-simulation, and highly-ranked achievement ofjoint sustainability outcomes. Conclusions reflect on the opportunities andchallenges presented by co-simulation in co-design settings to addressengineering systems problems.

Co-design and Co-simulation for Engineering Systems: Insights from the Sustainable Infrastructure Planning Game