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Background Limited data are available on factors associated with HIV-RNA viral load (VL) among antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve key populations in concentrated epidemics. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1211 adult ART-naïve patients at 19 HIV clinics in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Data collection included a standardised questionnaire, routine laboratory testing, hepatitis serology and HIV VL. Correlation between CD4 cell count and VL was assessed across all participants. In 904 participants not meeting Vietnam criteria for ART (CD4 cell count >350 cells/mm3, WHO clinical stage 1 or 2 and not pregnant), multivariate analyses were conducted to assess factors associated with HIV VL. Results Pre-ART patients had a median age of 31 years and 54% were male. Median CD4 cell count was 533 cells/mm3. Median HIV VL was 17,378 copies/mL; 60% had VL greater than 10,000 copies/mL and 16% had VL above 100,000 copies/mL. Although declining CD4 cell count was correlated with rising VL across all CD4 cell counts, correlation of VL with CD4 cell counts between 351 and 500 cell/mm3 was not significant. On multivariate linear regression, higher HIV VL was independently associated with male sex, men who have sex with men (MSM), CD4 cell count 351–500, HIV diagnosis within the previous 6 months, and hepatitis B (HBV). Lower HIV VL was independently associated with hepatitis C (HCV). Conclusions The majority of HIV patients who were not eligible for ART in HCMC in 2014 had HIV VL greater than 10,000 copies/mL. These data support expanded eligibility of ART to all HIV patients with the goal of treatment as prevention. This study is also among the first to demonstrate that MSM had a higher VL than women and heterosexual men and highlights the need for improved outreach and linkages to HIV care for this high-risk group.

Factors associated with HIV RNA viral loads in ART-naïve patients: implications for treatment as prevention in concentrated epidemics