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We examined pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha preemergent fry mortality, embryo mortality, and survival from embryo to preemergent fry in intertidal and upstream areas of Prince William Sound that were affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. No change in preemergent fry density or increase in numbers of dead fry was detected within 1 month of the spill. Pink salmon embryo mortality was elevated in oil-affected streams during fall of each year from 1989 through 1992 (P < 0.023 for all years). In 1989 increased embryo mortality was detected in the lower intertidal zones, and in 1990 elevated mortalities were observed at the highest intertidal zone. In 1991 embryo mortality was significantly higher in all intertidal zones, as well as upstream of oil contamination. The same patterns of mortalities were observed in 1992, although they were not as extreme as that observed in 1991. However, no difference in survival of embryo to preemergent fry was detected for the 1989-1991 brood years. Wild Pacific salmon play a major role in the Prince William Sound ecosystem while also contributing to the region's commercial fisheries. Migrating salmon fry are an important spring food source for many animals. Marine mammals, fish, and birds prey on the ocean stages of salmon; terrestrial species, such as bears, river otters, eagles, and gulls depend on salmon for their summer diet. Salmon also provide a pathway for transferring nutrients from marine ecosystems to nearshore and terrestrial ecosystems. Total returns of wild pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha have ranged from 1.8 to 21.0 million since 1978. Up to 75% of spawning pink salmon in Prince William Sound use intertidal areas (Helle et al. 1964), which by nature are highly susceptible to contamination from marine oil spills. Moles et al. (1987) and Rice et al. (1975) found that pink salmon embryos and preemergent fry were adversely affected by exposure to crude oil and that the effect was most acute in intertidal environments. The 24 March 1989 spill from the Exxon Valdez occurred just before the spring migration of salmon fry and contaminated many intertidal spawning areas in central and southwestern Prince William Sound. We evaluated (1) the short-term effect of oilcontaminated incubation substrate on preemergent pink salmon fry, (2) the effect of intertidal oiling on pink salmon embryo mortality, and (3) the effect of intertidal oiling on the survival of pink salmon embryos to preemergent fry. This study is part of the work done by Sharr et al. (1994a; 1994b). Materials and Methods

“Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on habitat use by birds in Prince William Sound, Alaska”