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Long-term high sodium diet of individuals and experimental animals has been associated with increased large artery stiffness and vascular hyperreactivity. To investigate the structural vascular basis of these findings, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2% NaCl diet for 3 and 6 months (N515 and 14); rats fed 0.7% NaCl diet were controls (N523). Then, the mesenteric circulation of rats was perfusion-fixed at maximal dilatation and 50–60 mmHg pressure. Morphometric measurements of 2 order arteries (250–350 mm OD) and of arterioles (,100 mm OD) were performed by light microscopy. Electron microscopy was used for volume density measurements of medial components of arteries. Monthly tail SBPs and directly measured MAPs at the end of the study in awake salt-fed and control rats were the same. Compared to controls, there was increased lumen diameter (17%, p50.01, 2-factor ANOVA), unchanged medial wall area and reduced wall-to-lumen ratio (W/L) (27%, p,0.01) of 2 order arteries (eutrophic outward remodeling) in sodium-fed rats, with relative increase in collagen content (14 vs. 10% at 3 months, p,0.05). In contrast, the W/L of arterioles in salt-fed rats was increased (18%, p,0.01). The findings suggest increasedflow-dependent dilatation with increased transmural stress and sclerosis of mesenteric arteries and autoregulatory constriction of mesenteric arterioles in salt-fed rats, and may explain increased large artery stiffness and vascular hyperreactivity during chronic salt feeding.

High sodium diet induces structural vascular changes in rats without raising blood pressure