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Publisher Summary Microbiology has seen three major revolutions, each coupled to the development of a new powerful technique for “seeing” microorganisms. The invention of the microscope, followed by improvements in optics and manufacturing, first revealed the existence of a microbial world. Microscope remains a microbiologist's indispensable tool. In vitro cultivation opened up a vast suite of powerful experimental approaches for microbiology. In each of these revolutions, the technology innovation provided direct access to a previously inaccessible view of microorganisms. It is a statement that can rarely be made about technological innovations in science to note that none of these innovative technologies replaced a previous less powerful technology, but instead each added to the toolbox of the microbiologist. The challenge that long stumped microbiologists was to learn about the biology associated with the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences that indicate high degree of diversity of uncultivated microorganisms. The solution lies, in part, in the application of genomics to the assemblages of microorganisms using methods that circumvent the need for cultivation.

Cloning the metagenome: Culture-independent access to thediversity and functions of the uncultivated microbial world