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Policymakers in developing countries increasingly see science, technology,and innovation (STI) as an avenue for meeting sustainable development goals(SDGs), with STI-based startups as a key part of these efforts. Market failurescall for government interventions in supporting STI for SDGs andpublicly-funded incubators can potentially fulfil this role. Using the specificcase of India, we examine how publicly-funded incubators could contribute tostrengthening STI-based entrepreneurship. India's STI policy and its links tosocietal goals span multiple decades -- but since 2015 these goals becameformally organized around the SDGs. We examine why STI-based incubators werecreated under different policy priorities before 2015, the role of publicagencies in implementing these policies, and how some incubators wereparticularly effective in addressing the societal challenges that can now bemapped to SDGs. We find that effective incubation for supporting STI-basedentrepreneurship to meet societal goals extended beyond traditional incubationactivities. For STI-based incubators to be effective, policymakers muststrengthen the 'incubation system'. This involves incorporating targeted SDGsin specific incubator goals, promoting coordination between existing incubatorprograms, developing a performance monitoring system, and finally, extendingextensive capacity building at multiple levels including for incubator managersand for broader STI in the country.

Strengthening science, technology, and innovation-based incubators to help achieve Sustainable Development Goals: Lessons from India