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Two natural nicotinamide-based coenzymes (NAD and NADP) are indispensably required by the vast majority of oxidoreductases for catabolism and anabolism, respectively. Most NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases prefer one coenzyme as an electron acceptor or donor to the other depending on their different metabolic roles. This coenzyme preference associated with coenzyme imbalance presents some challenges for the construction of high-efficiency in vivo and in vitro synthetic biology pathways. Changing the coenzyme preference of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases is an important area of protein engineering, which is closely related to product-oriented synthetic biology projects. This review focuses on the methodology of nicotinamide-based coenzyme engineering, with its application in improving product yields and decreasing production costs. Biomimetic nicotinamide-containing coenzymes have been proposed to replace natural coenzymes because they are more stable and less costly than natural coenzymes. Recent advances in the switching of coenzyme preference from natural to biomimetic coenzymes are also covered in this review. Engineering coenzyme preferences from natural to biomimetic coenzymes has become an important direction for coenzyme engineering, especially for in vitro synthetic pathways and in vivo bioorthogonal redox pathways.

Protein engineering of oxidoreductases utilizing nicotinamide-based coenzymes, with applications in synthetic biology