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Recently we reported on the condensation of cold, electrostatically trappeddipolar excitons in GaAs bilayer heterostructure into a new, dense and darkcollective phase. Here we analyze and discuss in detail the experimentalfindings and the emerging evident properties of this collective liquid-likephase. We show that the phase transition is characterized by a sharp increaseof the number of non-emitting dipoles, by a clear contraction of the fluidspatial extent into the bottom of the parabolic-like trap, and by spectralnarrowing. We extract the total density of the condensed phase which we find tobe consistent with the expected density regime of a quantum liquid. We showthat there are clear critical temperature and excitation power onsets for thephase transition and that as the power further increases above the criticalpower, the strong darkening is reduced down until no clear darkening isobserved. At this point another transition appears which we interpret as atransition to a strongly repulsive yet correlated $e$-$h$ plasma. Based on theexperimental findings, we suggest that the physical mechanism that may beresponsible for the transition is a dynamical final-state stimulation of thedipolar excitons to their dark spin states, which have a long lifetime and thussupport the observed sharp increase in density. Further experiments andmodeling will hopefully be able to unambiguously identify the physicalmechanism behind these recent observations.

Condensation to a strongly correlated dark fluid of two dimensional dipolar excitons