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We explore the effects of seasonal variability for the climate of Earth-likeplanets as determined by the two parameters polar obliquity and orbitaleccentricity using a general circulation model of intermediate complexity. Inthe first part of the paper we examine the consequences of different values ofobliquity and eccentricity for the spatio-temporal patterns of radiation andsurface temperatures as well as for the main characteristics of the atmosphericcirculations. In the second part we analyse the associated implications for thehabitability of planets close to the outer edge of the habitable zone (HZ).This part of the paper focuses in particular on the multistability property ofclimate, i.e. the parallel existence of both an ice-free and an ice-coveredclimate state. Our results show that seasonal variability affects both theexistence of and transitions between the two climate states. Moreover, ourexperiments reveal that planets with Earth-like atmospheres and high seasonalvariability can have ice-free areas at much larger distance from the host starthan planets without seasonal variability, which leads to a substantialexpansion of the outer edge of the HZ. Sensitivity experiments exploring therole of azimuthal obliquity and surface heat capacity test the robustness ofour results. On circular orbits, our findings obtained with a generalcirculation model agree well with previous studies based on one dimensionalenergy balance models, whereas significant differences are found on eccentricorbits.

Climate of Earth-like planets with high obliquity and eccentric orbits: implications for habitability conditions