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The lunar geological record has much to tell us about the earliest history ofthe Solar System, the origin and evolution of the Earth-Moon system, thegeological evolution of rocky planets, and the near-Earth cosmic environmentthroughout Solar System history. In addition, the lunar surface offersoutstanding opportunities for research in astronomy, astrobiology, fundamentalphysics, life sciences and human physiology and medicine. This paper providesan interdisciplinary review of outstanding lunar science objectives in all ofthese different areas. It is concluded that addressing them satisfactorily willrequire an end to the 40-year hiatus of lunar surface exploration, and theplacing of new scientific instruments on, and the return of additional samplesfrom, the surface of the Moon. Some of these objectives can be achievedrobotically (e.g. through targeted sample return, the deployment of geophysicalnetworks, and the placing of antennas on the lunar surface to form radiotelescopes). However, in the longer term, most of these scientific objectiveswould benefit significantly from renewed human operations on the lunar surface.For these reasons it is highly desirable that current plans for renewed roboticsurface exploration of the Moon are developed in the context of a future humanlunar exploration programme, such as that proposed by the recently formulatedGlobal Exploration Roadmap.

Back to the Moon: The Scientific Rationale for Resuming Lunar Surface Exploration