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We use reactive transport simulations to evaluate the CO 2 sequestration potential of a carbonate-hosted aquifer. Results show that in carbonate aquifers the dissolution of CO 2 into the brine is the only effective chemical trapping mechanism. Its efficiency is controlled by the solubility of CO 2 and by the mobility of the CO 2 plume which affects its size and shape and thus the contact area between the plume and the brine. Porosity and permeability changes following CO 2 injection are small and have little effect on the injectivity or the mobility of the plume. The model is extended to examine processes at the aquifer/seal interface and within the clay formation following the rise of the CO 2 plume towards the seal. Reactive transport simulations include diffusion and electromigration into the clay and involve a new method for an explicit treatment of a diffuse layer on charged clay mineral surfaces. Simulations show that the diffuse layer exerts a strong impact on the breakthrough of the CO 2 -enriched, acidic plume into the clay as it influences all species as a function of their charge. The local pore water composition and mineral solubilities in the clay are affected, leading to patterns that cannot be predicted by conventional ion-exchange models.

Numerical Simulation of CO2 Injection into a Carbonate Aquifer: Implications of Fluid–rock Reactions in the Aquifer and in an Overlying Clay Formation