Satellite-derived surface water pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer

An empirical approach is presented for the estimation of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer using satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentrations, and wind fields. Two algorithms were tested. The first used an SST-dependent equation, and the other involved the introduction of Chl a. Regression equations were developed for summer based on in situ data obtained in July, 2004. Using the monthly average SST and Chl a fields derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and the SeaWiFS (sea-viewing wide field of view sensor), respectively, the monthly pCO(2) fields were computed. The derived pCO(2) was compared with the shipboard pCO(2) observations conducted in July, 2000. This resulted in a root-mean-square error of 4.6 mu atm, suggesting that the satellite-derived pCO(2) was in general agreement with the in situ observations. The air-sea CO2 flux was further computed with the aid of the monthly mean QuikSCAT wind speed. We contend that more shipboard data are necessary for refining the empirical algorithms and reducing the uncertainty in the results. (C) 2009 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.National Basic Research Program of China [2009CB421200, 2009CB421201]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40521003, 90711005]; High-Tech R&D Program of China [2006AA09A302, 2007AA09Z127