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Chiral symmetry and its spontaneous breaking play an important role both inthe light hadron and heavy hadron systems. The chiral perturbation theory($\chi$PT) is the low energy effective field theory of the QCD. In this work,we shall review the investigations on the chiral corrections to the propertiesof the heavy mesons and baryons within the framework of $\chi$PT. We will alsoreview the scatterings of the light pseudoscalar mesons and heavy hadrons,through which many new resonances such as the $D_{s0}^\ast(2317)$ could beunderstood.  Moreover, many new hadron states were observed experimentally in the pastdecades. A large group of these states is near-threshold resonances, such asthe charged charmoniumlike $Z_c$ and $Z_{cs}$ states, bottomoniumlike $Z_b$states, hidden-charm pentaquark $P_c$ and $P_{cs}$ states and the doublycharmed $T_{cc}$ state, etc. They are very good candidates of the loosely boundmolecular states composed of a pair of charmed (bottom) hadrons, which are verysimilar to the loosely bound deuteron. The modern nuclear force was built uponthe chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT), which is the extension of the$\chi$PT to the systems with two matter fields. The long-range andmedium-long-range interactions between two nucleons arise from the single- anddouble-pion exchange respectively, which are well constrained by the chiralsymmetry and its spontaneous breaking. The short-distance interactions can bedescribed by the low energy constants. Such a framework works very well for thenucleon-nucleon scattering and nuclei. In this work, we will perform anextensive review of the progress on the heavy hadronic molecular states withinthe framework of $\chi$EFT. We shall emphasize that the same chiral dynamicsnot only govern the nuclei and forms the deuteron, but also dictates theshallow bound states or resonances composed of two heavy hadrons.

Chiral perturbation theory for heavy hadrons and chiral effective field theory for heavy hadronic molecules