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The first electromagnetic signal observed in different types of cosmicexplosions is released upon emergence of a shock created in the explosion fromthe opaque envelope enshrouding the central source. Notable examples are theearly emission from various types of supernovae and low luminosity GRBs, theprompt photospheric emission in long GRBs, and the gamma-ray emission thataccompanied the gravitational wave signal in neutron star mergers. In all ofthese examples, the shock driven by the explosion is mediated by the radiationtrapped inside it, and its velocity and structure, that depend on environmentalconditions, dictate the characteristics of the observed electromagneticemission at early times, and potentially also their neutrino emission. Muchefforts have been devoted in recent years to develop a detailed theory ofradiation mediated shocks in an attempt to predict the properties of the earlyemission in the aforementioned systems. These efforts are timely in view of theanticipated detection rate of shock breakout candidates by upcoming transientfactories, and the potential detection of a gamma-ray flash from shock breakoutin neutron star mergers like GW170817. This review aims at providing acomprehensive overview of the theory and applications of radiation mediatedshocks, starting from basic principles. The classification of shock solutions,which are governed by the conditions prevailing in each class of objects, andthe methods used to solve the shock equations in different regimes will bedescribed, with particular emphasis on the observational diagnostics. Theapplications to supernovae, low-luminosity GRBs, long GRBs, neutron starmergers, and neutrino emission will be highlighted.

Physics of radiation mediated shocks and its applications to GRBs, supernovae, and neutron star mergers