English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Signatures of the formation of a strongly interacting thermalized matter ofpartons have been observed in nucleus-nucleus, proton-nucleus, andhigh-multiplicity proton-proton collisions at LHC energies. Strangenessenhancement in such ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions is considered to bea consequence of this thermalized phase, known as quark-gluon plasma (QGP).Simultaneously, proper modeling of hadronic energy fraction in interactions ofultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) has been proposed as a solution for themuon puzzle, an unexpected excess of muons in air showers. These interactionshave center-of-mass collision energies of the order of energies attained at theLHC or even higher, indicating that the possibility of a thermalized partonicstate cannot be overlooked in UHECR-air interactions. This work investigatesthe hadronic energy fraction and strangeness enhancement to explore QGP-likephenomena in UHECR-air interactions using various high-energy hadronic models.A core-corona system with a thermalized core undergoing statisticalhadronization is considered through the EPOS LHC model. In contrast, PYTHIA 8,QGSJET II-04, and SYBILL 2.3d consider string fragmentation withoutthermalization. We have found that EPOS LHC gives a better description ofstrangeness enhancement as compared to other models. We conclude thatadequately treating all the relevant effects and further retuning the models isnecessary to explain the observed effects.

Energy flow in ultra-high energy cosmic ray interactions as a probe of thermalization: a potential solution to the muon puzzle