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Fluctuation measurements are important sources of information on themechanism of particle production at LHC energies. This article reports thefirst experimental results on third-order cumulants of the net-protondistributions in Pb$-$Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{\rmNN}} = 5.02$ TeV recorded by the ALICE detector. The results on thesecond-order cumulants of net-proton distributions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} =2.76$ and $5.02$ TeV are also discussed in view of effects due to the globaland local baryon number conservation. The results demonstrate the presence oflong-range rapidity correlations between protons and antiprotons. Suchcorrelations originate from the early phase of the collision. The experimentalresults are compared with HIJING and EPOS model calculations, and thedependence of the fluctuation measurements on the phase-space coverage isexamined in the context of lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) and hadronresonance gas (HRG) model estimations. The measured third-order cumulants areconsistent with zero within experimental uncertainties of about 4% and aredescribed well by LQCD and HRG predictions.

Closing in on critical net-baryon fluctuations at LHC energies: cumulants up to third order in Pb$-$Pb collisions