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Interpretation of current and future neutrino oscillation and electronscattering experiments requires knowledge of lepton-nucleon and lepton-nucleusinteractions at the percent level. We study the exchange of photons betweencharged particles and the nuclear medium for (anti)neutrino-, electron-, andmuon-induced reactions inside a large nucleus. While quantum electrodynamics(QED)-medium contributions are formally suppressed by two powers of theelectromagnetic coupling constant $\alpha$ when compared to the leading-ordercross sections, low-energy modes and the nuclear size enhance the effect byorders of magnitude. They require a proper infrared regularization, which weimplement as a screening of the electromagnetic interactions at atomic lengthscales or above. We provide approximate analytic expressions for the distortionof (anti)neutrino-nucleus and charged lepton-nucleus cross sections andevaluate the QED-medium effects for realistic values of the screening scale onthe example of elastic scattering with nucleons inside the nucleus. We find newpermille- to percent-level effects, which were not considered in either(anti)neutrino-nucleus or electron-nucleus scattering.

QED medium effects in (anti)neutrino-nucleus and electron-nucleus scattering: elastic scattering on nucleons