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We address novel features of deep inelastic lepton scattering on nuclei atsmall Bjorken variable $x_{Bj}$. In this regime the lepton-nuclear crosssection involves the interference between the standard lepton-quark scatteringamplitude for the deep inelastic scattering (DIS) process on a single nucleonand a two-step process where diffractive scattering on a first nucleon combineswith the amplitude for DIS on a second nucleon. The phases associated with the$t$-channel exchanges to the diffractive amplitude can produce either adestructive or constructive quantum-mechanical interference of the one-step andtwo-step amplitudes. This provides a mechanism regulating the respectiveamounts of shadowing suppression and anti-shadowing enhancement at low$x_{Bj}$. Furthermore, the standard leading-twist operator product and handbagdiagram analyses of the forward virtual Compton amplitude on the nucleus areinapplicable, barring a conventional probabilistic interpretation. A mainobservable consequence is the impossibility of extracting momentum and spin sumrules from nuclear structure functions. We present numerical predictionssupporting this picture and test them against DIS neutrino-nucleus andcharged-lepton-nucleus scattering data.

Novel Corrections to the Momentum Sum Rule for Nuclear Structure Functions