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In $e^+ e^-$ collisions, electromagnetic effects caused by large chargedensity bunches modify the effective acceptance of the luminometer system ofthe experiments. These effects consequently bias the luminosity measurementfrom the rate of low-angle Bhabha interactions $e^+ e^- \to e^+ e^- $.Surprisingly enough, the magnitude of this bias is found to yield anunderestimation of the integrated luminosity measured by the LEP experiments byabout 0.1%, significantly larger than the reported experimental uncertainties.When accounted for, this effect modifies the number of light neutrino speciesdetermined at LEP from the measurement of the hadronic cross section at the Zpeak.

Beam-beam effects on the luminosity measurement at LEP and the number of light neutrino species